2024 Electrical conduit bending chart

An electrician's guide to conduit bending. Conduit bending is an essential skill used by electricians in the construction industry when they're installing electrical systems. The conduit is a safety feature that protects both the electrical wiring from damage as well as employees working inside the business. Bending conduit is a skill involving .... Contexto 439 hint

It’s quite simple, and anyone can understand the rudimentary of pipe bending. Say you want a 90° bend in your conduit. The bend represents ¼ of the full circumference, and …Making stub-ups and offset bends is easy if you just follow the manual. After bending for a stub, cut the other end of the conduit to length. Before making any offset bends, dry-fit the conduit to the boxes to make sure the lengths are right. You want everything to go square into the boxes, so if something is short, start over.Elements of a Bend. It is important to understand the different elements of a bend in order to make accurate calculations. Calculating Wall Thickness. ISO 161-1 uses the following …Electricians Guide to Conduit Bending 3rd Third Edition [Cox, Richard A.] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Electricians Guide to Conduit Bending 3rd Third Edition ... Electrical Conduit Bending Quick-Card. $9.95 $ 9. 95. Get it as soon as Tuesday, Apr 30. In Stock. Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. Total price:This tool is known as a conduit bender. You'll want to make sure that you get the bender that matches the size of EMT Conduit you're working with. In our case that is 3/4" Conduit. How To Bend Electrical Conduit On the head of the bender you can see a series of marks along with a channel that the conduit will sit in while it's being bent.Performing the Bends. With your conduit marked, it's time to start bending. Position the first mark with the arrow on the bender head and use the foot pedal and handle to apply leverage and bend the conduit to the angle that you decided on earlier. Repeat this process on the total number of segments that are needed for your circle.Tip #4: Use conduit supports. Secure all conduits and fittings on exposed surfaces using clamp backs, channels, or struts. Follow the National Electrical Code for conduit support spacing, and never exceed 4 feet. Check out NEC 358.30 for more info. Tip #5: Use conduit fittings. Unthreaded fittings come in two main types: Gland … The following illustrations and instructions show the most common bends. See the Special Bending Information Chart for precise bending dimensions. Stubs HEIGHT Y MARK ANGLE 1. Select the size and type of conduit. Determine the height of stub and the angle of bend. 2. Find the chart that corresponds to the size of conduit selected in Step 1. 3. Conduit Bending Charts (Pocketsize) . Includes charts for 3-Point Saddle Bends, Conduit Gain, Offset Bends and an Offset Formula.Approximate size 3.5" by 6 ...The coefficient of expansion for steel electrical metallic tubing, intermediate metal conduit, and rigid conduit is 11.70 × 10-6 (0.0000117 mm per mm of conduit for each °C in temperature change) [6.50 × 10-6 (0.0000065 in. per inch of conduit for each °F in temperature change)]. 3.0.1.8 Installation of Conductors with Other Systems.Conduit Bender - Electrical Conduit Bending Is Easier With A Bending Chart. Electricians often need conduit benders and other bending tools to form electrical …Table 9H – non-metallic liquid-tight flexible conduit, Table 9I – electrical metallic tubing, Table 9J – electrical non-metallic tubing, Table 9K – HDPE conduit Schedule 40, ... Table 15, referenced by Rules 34-400 and 36-102, provides the allowable bending radii for high-voltage cable based on type and diameter of the cable.INSPECTION BEND ITEM CODE SIZE B-EL0220 20 mm B-EL0225 25 mm B-EL0232 32 mm 90° NORMAL BEND, INTERNAL THREAD ITEM CODE SIZE B-EL0420 20 mm B-EL0420 25 mm B-EL0420 32 mm LONG NIPPLE ITEM CODE SIZE B-CP0420 20 mm B-CP0425 25 mm B-CP0432 32 mm • Material: Malleable Iron, Finish: Hot Dipped …BENDING 747 Omni™ Bender SPECIFICATIONS 1/2" thru 2" Rigid conduit 1/2" thru 2" EMT conduit 1/2" thru 2" IMC conduit 1/2" thru 2" Rigid aluminum conduit 1/2" thru 2" schedule 40 steel pipe 1/2" thru 2" 40 mil PVC coated Rigid conduit — with optional shoe group (shown below) Bend Radius Chart Size EMT IMC Rigid PVC 1/2" 4-5/16" 4-1/4" 4 …Tips for installing & inspecting electrical conduit in homes Electrical conduit cutting, bending, installing suggestions Questions & answers about how to buy, bend, wire, & install electrical conduit in buildings ... Spacing & Support for Rigid Metal Electrical Conduit . ee NEC Table 344.30 (B)(2) Rigid metal electrical conduit to 1/2-3/4" or ...Feb 15, 2019 ... A simplified but complete introduction for the absolute beginner to hand bending conduit and the various markings on a standard hand bender.Elements of a Bend. It is important to understand the different elements of a bend in order to make accurate calculations. Calculating Wall Thickness. ISO 161-1 uses the following …Conduit Bender - Electrical Conduit Bending Is Easier With A Bending Chart. Electricians often need conduit benders and other bending tools to form electrical …Most offset bends are made "in the air." This means the bender is used upside down with the handle on the ground and the bending foot in the air. Insert the conduit into the bender with the 38" mark positioned at the arrow normally used to bend a 90. (You can use any mark on the bender as long you use it for both bends.Electricians Guide to Conduit Bending 3rd Third Edition Spiral-bound – Unabridged, January 1, 2012 by Cox (Author), Richard A. (Author) 4.7 4.7 out of 5 stars 432 ratingsThe 2020 Edition offers the most pertinent, up-to-date information for electricians, including updated National Electric Code (NEC) and table change information, mathematical formulas; National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) wiring configurations; a conduit bending guide, ampacity and conduit fill information, transformer and ...INEXO® ICF Electrical Boxes. Residential Device Boxes; Commercial Device Boxes; Low Voltage Dividers; KWIKON® Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing. Coils; ... Rigid-PVC-Conduit-90D-Sched40-Bend.pdf; Kraloy® Products > 90° Standard Radius Elbow Belled One End > Rigid-PVC-Conduit-90D-Sched40-Bend.pdf.Notes to the table above: Watch out: NEC 346.11 sets a limit of four quarter-bends between any two pull points.That's the same as a limit of 360° through four bends. Three Point Saddle Bend in Electrical Conduit. …Details. Electrical Conduit Bending Quick-Card by Builder's Book. This 4-page laminated card guide to provides the essential electrical conduit bending information used in architectural plans and engineering drawings. Detailed illustrations clarify key steps in methodology and allow for greater comprehension.Jan 5, 2021 ... In this video I will explain thoroughly with 4 different examples how to find the total length of conduit needed when making multiple bends ...25mm. 32mm. 40mm. 50mm. Size, application, materials and function help determine the type of conduit and fittings you need to make connections in an electrical system. Conduit fittings enable you to connect conduits to an outlet box or to each other. They make it easy to secure conduit to the wall, reduce rough edges and connect different sizes ... When cutting steel conduit, you will need to start with an open thread die and then tighten gradually as the trad cuts into the steel. Use lubricant to keep the threads lubricated and make cutting easier by reducing friction. Turn the die handle clockwise 3 to 4 rotations and then back off, clearing the swarf from the die. Re 3TM CIC Labor Saving Calculator. The industry’s first estimator showing the reduction of installation labor for Southwire® Cable-in-Conduit (CIC) compared to pulling cables into PVC ducts. Southwire's cable tray fill calculator takes the guesswork out of your project. Get accurate results and stay within NEC guidelines.The NEMA Polymer Raceway Products Section will periodically review this standard and revise it as necessary. Proposed or recommended revisions can be submitted to: Senior Technical Director, Operations National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 900 Rosslyn, Virginia 22209.The purpose of this bulletin is to provide guidance, pertaining to 300.4(H) Structural Joints of the NEC®, in determining the type, length, and bend radius of Flexible Conduit products used for structural joints intended for expansion, contraction, or deflection, used in buildings, bridges, parking garages or other structures.Best Conduit Bender Reviews. 1. Gardner Bender 961 Conduit Bender. This is one of the first conduit hand benders I’ve used when I started working as an electrician’s apprentice. I found it easy to use because the embossed bend marks for 10°, 22°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° were visible even when I was bending tubes. Greenlee, BENDING TOOL CATALOG [PDF] Electric, mechanical, & hand bending tools for EMT, IMC, Rigid & Aluminum Conduit, Greenlee Corp., USA 800-435-0786, Canada: 866-384-8813, International: +1-815-397-7070, includes also bending charts & tables and tables of conduit sizes for EMT, IMC and Rigid Steel or Aluminum conduit . Bending. Whether you’re bending stubs, offsets, saddles, or U-bends in EMT, IMC, PVC coated or rigid conduit, Greenlee has the bender to take on the job. Optimize the design of conduit runs for more efficient and accurate fabrication. BendWorks® Software was designed to help electrical contractors adopt the Building Information Modeling (BIM ...When it comes to electrical installations and appliances, safety should always be the top priority. One critical aspect of ensuring safety is choosing the right wire size for the a...854/855 Series. Electric Bender Accessories. From our classic 555 bender to the programmable 855GX Greenlee has the conduit benders and professional tools every electrician needs! 25mm. 32mm. 40mm. 50mm. Size, application, materials and function help determine the type of conduit and fittings you need to make connections in an electrical system. Conduit fittings enable you to connect conduits to an outlet box or to each other. They make it easy to secure conduit to the wall, reduce rough edges and connect different sizes ... ‎conduit bending guide : Item Weight ‎0.24 ounces : Product Dimensions ‎3.4 x 2.25 x 0.05 inches : Item model number ‎conduit bending guide : Color ‎dark blue : Material ‎Plastic : Included Components ‎conduit bending card : Batteries Required? ‎NoBending. Whether you’re bending stubs, offsets, saddles, or U-bends in EMT, IMC, PVC coated or rigid conduit, Greenlee has the bender to take on the job. Optimize the design of conduit runs for more efficient and accurate fabrication. BendWorks® Software was designed to help electrical contractors adopt the Building Information Modeling (BIM ...Re 3TM CIC Labor Saving Calculator. The industry’s first estimator showing the reduction of installation labor for Southwire® Cable-in-Conduit (CIC) compared to pulling cables into PVC ducts. Southwire's cable tray fill calculator takes the guesswork out of your project. Get accurate results and stay within NEC guidelines.When it comes to electrical installations and appliances, safety should always be the top priority. One critical aspect of ensuring safety is choosing the right wire size for the a...Repeatable Conduit Bending • Bending conduit is best done with a partner. One runs the front of shoe and the bender, the other supports the conduit and runs the Cliffhanger • Create a measured length of conduit “L” (enter measurement on fact sheet) • Mark conduit 2” from both ends of conduit “A” & “B”the sides of the bender channel - ensure alignment tabs are fully seated into alignment notches. 3 Insert conduit into bender head and prepare to bend as usual. 4 Bend conduit until contact with the Angle Setter™ is felt. Will work for floor and air bends. Caution: Bending past Angle Setter™ can result in kinks in conduit 2 3 4 1 WARRANTYThe following illustrations and instructions show the most common bends. See the Special Bending Information Chart for precise bending dimensions. Stubs HEIGHT Y MARK ANGLE 1. Select the size and type of conduit. Determine the height of stub and the angle of bend. 2. Find the chart that corresponds to the size of conduit selected in Step 1. 3.General Installation Practices. Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 10 l. Thread one thread short of the end of the chaser. (NOTE: It is a good practice to thread one thread short to prevent butting of conduit in a coupling and allow the coupling to cover all of the threads on the conduit when wrench tight.)Jun 16, 2019 ... Step by step guide on how to bend steel (metal) conduit to 90 degrees full demonstration. Students training aid for bending 20 mm Steel ...For the last bend, place your hand and armpit on the raceway and bend a 30° angle on the raceway at the arrow. This should give you a 4” high 3 point saddle 41 1/2” away from the end of the raceway. 4”. 41 1/2” Note: This was done using one 60° and two 30° bends. This combination is easy to remember and calculate.Here are some conduit bending tips the author has learned after many years of talking “conduit” with professional electricians all over the free world. Stub-ups in narrow partitions. Bend a 45° or 60° kick in the conduit a few inches away from the partition. This allows the run to enter the partition obliquely.1. A proper bend is made by rolling the conduit about the bender in the conduit’s cradle using all foot pressure. 2. Use the correct size bender for the conduit size being bent. 3. Some over bending may be required to allow for spring back of the conduit. The resting condition of the conduit is to be at the final angle desired. 4.This video is designed for anyone who wants to learn how to bend an EMT conduit 90° Bend . We'll walk you through the process step-by-step, and by the end o... Mobile Bending Table. Pipe Bending Table. Bending. Cable Preparation & Termination. Looking for quality & affordable bending tools, tables and accessories? Greenlee has the conduit benders & professional tools every electrician needs. See full list on dengarden.com This is, no-doubt, my most asked for topic to do an episode. “Do an episode on bending conduit” they say….”It’ll be fun” they say… Well my friends, strap in...An electrician's guide to conduit bending. Conduit bending is an essential skill used by electricians in the construction industry when they're installing electrical systems. The conduit is a safety feature that protects both the electrical wiring from damage as well as employees working inside the business. Bending conduit is a skill involving ...854/855 Series. Electric Bender Accessories. From our classic 555 bender to the programmable 855GX Greenlee has the conduit benders and professional tools every electrician needs!854/855 Series. Electric Bender Accessories. From our classic 555 bender to the programmable 855GX Greenlee has the conduit benders and professional tools every electrician needs!Jan 12, 2016 ... Comments483 ; IDEAL How To Use a Hand Conduit Bender. Ron Kipper From IDEAL · 323K views ; How To Bend A Box Offset On EMT. Why Not DIY · 121K views.This is, no-doubt, my most asked for topic to do an episode. “Do an episode on bending conduit” they say….”It’ll be fun” they say… Well my friends, strap in...Nov 16, 2021 ... An offset, or double set, conduit bend is used to enter electrical accessory knockouts, metal trunking or route conduit round obstacles./ Electrical Testers & Tools / Wire Pulling & Conduit Tools / Conduit Benders & Accessories. EMT bender. Handheld conduit bender. Maximum EMT Size: 3/4-in. Maximum EMT Size: 1/2-in. EMT/IMC/Rigid conduit power bender. Price: $25 - $50. This complete program includes the Conduit Bending Workbook, a DVD and bending charts. Home | Search | Catalog | Mail Order | Return Policy. Code Electrical Classes Inc. 7449 Citrus Avenue Winter Park, FL 32792. Tel: (407) 671-0020 or Toll Free 1-800-642-2633 Fax: (407) 671-6497 Email: [email protected] Best Conduit Bender Reviews. 1. Gardner Bender 961 Conduit Bender. This is one of the first conduit hand benders I’ve used when I started working as an electrician’s apprentice. I found it easy to use because the embossed bend marks for 10°, 22°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° were visible even when I was bending tubes.The NEC specifies in Chapter 9, Table 2 the minimum radius to the center-line of the conduit of other bends must be no less than the values listed in the table. A 90-degree bend is typically referred to as an elbow. An elbow provides a 90° change in direction. The National Electric Code (NEC) specifies the minimum size for cable tray systems ... Details. Electrical Conduit Bending Quick-Card by Builder's Book. This 4-page laminated card guide to provides the essential electrical conduit bending information used in architectural plans and engineering drawings. Detailed illustrations clarify key steps in methodology and allow for greater comprehension. LFMC, or liquid-tight flexible metal conduit, is similar to FMC but covered in a waterproofing coating. It’s useful for outdoor applications and wet interior areas and requires fittings that are also watertight. Typical Fastening Style: Threaded. Common Sizes: 1/2″ – 4″. Common Applications: Outdoor and indoor wet areas.LFMC, or liquid-tight flexible metal conduit, is similar to FMC but covered in a waterproofing coating. It’s useful for outdoor applications and wet interior areas and requires fittings that are also watertight. Typical Fastening Style: Threaded. Common Sizes: 1/2″ – 4″. Common Applications: Outdoor and indoor wet areas.A conduit-bending guide with instructions on how to bend EMT conduit. Learn how to bend conduit easily and effectively with a hand bender.Rigid Nonmetallic Conduit – Schedule 40 Elbows Schedule 40 Elbows Special Radius *Consult factory for additional sizes/configurations Plain BelledPlain End Belled End End End Nom. Radius Std. Std. Segment Part No. Part No. Diam. (in.)Ctn. Qty. Ctn. Qty. 30° Elbow UA6CJ – 2" 18" 1 – UA6DJ UA6DJB 2" 24" 1 1 UA6FJ UA6FJB 2" 36" 1 1This complete program includes the Conduit Bending Workbook, a DVD and bending charts. Home | Search | Catalog | Mail Order | Return Policy. Code Electrical Classes Inc. 7449 Citrus Avenue Winter Park, FL 32792. Tel: (407) 671-0020 or Toll Free 1-800-642-2633 Fax: (407) 671-6497 Email: [email protected] Greenlee 555 bender is a popular tool used in the electrical industry for bending conduit pipes. While it is known for its durability and reliability, like any mechanical devic...Learn the basics of conduit bending, types of conduits, tools required, and safety precautions. Master bending measurements, calculations, techniques, and …Conduit Bender Diagram. A = Rim notch or teardrop -- Locates the center of a 3-point saddle bend. B = Arrow -- Used to line up the offset and outer marks for saddle bend. C = Star -- Indicates back of 90° bend, for back-to-back bends. D = Marks -- The degree marks indicating the angle of the pipe bent.Our conduit size should be large enough for a short pull. Next, we check the bending radius from the cable manufacturer, and find that they require a minimum bending radius of four times the O.D. of the cable: 4 x 0.59 in. = 2.36 in. radius (minimum). Now we check the minimum bending radius that the fitting will allow.Tip #4: Use conduit supports. Secure all conduits and fittings on exposed surfaces using clamp backs, channels, or struts. Follow the National Electrical Code for conduit support spacing, and never exceed 4 feet. Check out NEC 358.30 for more info. Tip #5: Use conduit fittings. Unthreaded fittings come in two main types: Gland (compression) typeAccording to Table 1, the minimum bend radius is found to be six times the cable’s overall diameter. The overall diameter of the cable is given as 2.08 inches in the product catalog. Multiplying 2.08 inches by six, we get 12.48 inches. The minimum bending radius for this SHD-GC cable is approximately 12.5 inches.Conduit Fill Tables – NEC Table C Conductor Size – Awg / Kcmil – THHN / THWN SIZE 14 12 10 8 6 4 3 2 1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 250 300 350 400 500 600 750 2 ½ EMT 241 176 111 64 46 28 24 20 15 12 10 8 7 6 5 4 4 3 2 1 RMC 200 146 92 53 38 23 20 17 12 10 8 7 6 5 4 3 3 2 1 1When an EMT bender is designated as suitable for bending rigid conduit, a bender shoe one trade size larger than the conduit to be bent is to be used. Using the EMT bender will result in a slightly larger radius. Bending IMC. A full shoe or universal bender is the preferred bending tool for IMC. Limit hand bending to trade sizes 1/2, 3/4, and 1.That, of course, depends on the size and quantity of electrical wire you are running. For most small jobs a 1/2″ or 3/4″ conduit is what’s called for. Sometimes a 1″ is needed and they get bigger from there. The Bender’s Friend – This tool is designed to help you create the perfect 90º bend in PVC pipe. It has channels for 1/2 ...When it comes to electrical installations and appliances, safety should always be the top priority. One critical aspect of ensuring safety is choosing the right wire size for the a...Conduit Bending Charts (Pocketsize) . Includes charts for 3-Point Saddle Bends, Conduit Gain, Offset Bends and an Offset Formula.Approximate size 3.5" by 6 ...The bend radius of a given conduit or substance is measured by subjecting the material to its maximum elastic stress point. The measuring process takes just a few minutes. Place th...Thirteen countries of 36 surveyed still have 50% or less of their populations having access to electricity. Africa’s electricity problems continue to limit the continent with only ...Apr 23, 2020 ... Box Offsets, 3 Point Saddle Bend, Parallel EMT Bends and Concentric 90° Stubs all in One Conduit · IDEAL How To Use a Hand Conduit Bender · Ed ....They should have inventories for many electrical conduit types. I found a chart in an old book depicting the dimensions of locknuts and bushings for all electrical conduit types. Electrical Conduit locknut dimensions. Ten feet of conduit = 120″ (Inches), 3.333333333 Yards, 3048 Millimeters, 304.8 Centimeters, 30.48 Decimeters, and 3.048 Meters.

INSPECTION BEND ITEM CODE SIZE B-EL0220 20 mm B-EL0225 25 mm B-EL0232 32 mm 90° NORMAL BEND, INTERNAL THREAD ITEM CODE SIZE B-EL0420 20 mm B-EL0420 25 mm B-EL0420 32 mm LONG NIPPLE ITEM CODE SIZE B-CP0420 20 mm B-CP0425 25 mm B-CP0432 32 mm • Material: Malleable Iron, Finish: Hot Dipped …. Billings mt funeral homes

Conduit Bending Charts. Conduit Bending Chart s (Pocketsize) . Includes charts for 3-Point Saddle Bends, Conduit Gain, Offset Bends and an Offset Formula. Item #397 - Conduit Bending Charts. Approximate size 3.5" by 6". By Tom Henry. Price: $3.00. This item is also included in the complete Conduit Bending Program. The free Electrical Conduit Bender app is intentionally designed to take up very little memory and to minimize battery usage. 148,000. Happy Users. 100,000+ Bends Per Month. This is the most lightweight app available for conduit bending, and is designed for electricians who want an app strictly for quick reference when making saddles and ...The following illustrations and instructions show the most common bends. See the Special Bending Information Chart for precise bending dimensions. Stubs HEIGHT Y MARK …How to Bend a Stub. The stub is the most common bend. Note that your bender is marked with the “take-up” of the arc of the bender shoe. Example: Consider making a 14” stub, using a 3/4” EMT conduit. Step 1. Step 2. Step 3. The IDEAL bender indicates stubs 6” to ›. Simply subtract the take-up, or 6”, from the finished stub height.For example today we’re going to be bending EMT (Electrical Metallic Tubing). This type of conduit is relatively easy to bend using a bender if you’re bending 1/2”, 3/4”, or 1”. Once you get to about 1 1/4” and up this type of conduit requires a larger bender, and a lot of ass behind the person bending it. 854/855 Series. Electric Bender Accessories. From our classic 555 bender to the programmable 855GX Greenlee has the conduit benders and professional tools every electrician needs! Jun 30, 2019 ... Comments58 ; How to Adjust an Under Bent Second Bend in Steel Conduit Using Back of Bend to Back of Bend Method. GSH Electrical · 5.7K views ; How ... This complete program includes the Conduit Bending Workbook, a DVD and bending charts. Home | Search | Catalog | Mail Order | Return Policy. Code Electrical Classes Inc. 7449 Citrus Avenue Winter Park, FL 32792. Tel: (407) 671-0020 or Toll Free 1-800-642-2633 Fax: (407) 671-6497 Email: [email protected] Mark the Conduit. Measure from the end of the conduit and make a mark at 7 inches to indicate the start of the bend. Slip the end of the conduit into the bender so the 7-inch mark is aligned with the arrow. This 7 inches, plus the "Stubs 5 to arrow" will give you the total horizontal run of 12 inches, including the bend.Jul 10, 2020 - Explore Jamie McBride's board "Conduit Bending", followed by 199 people on Pinterest. See more ideas about conduit bending, electrical conduit, home electrical wiring.The National Electrical Code (NEC) is a comprehensive set of electrical standards and regulations that ensures safe practices in electrical installations. Within this code, there a... Electrical Conduit Bender App. Quickly calculate conduit bends for a variety of angles and depths. This app allows an electrician or apprentice to select values for offsets and saddles and be presented with the figures to assist in making a professional installation. Love this app and have been using this for several years. Nov 30, 2015 ... Making Offset bends in electrical conduit is pretty easy. I will show you step by step how to make the Offset bend using an IDEAL Hand Conduit ... Details. Electrical Conduit Bending Quick-Card by Builder's Book. This 4-page laminated card guide to provides the essential electrical conduit bending information used in architectural plans and engineering drawings. Detailed illustrations clarify key steps in methodology and allow for greater comprehension. For example today we’re going to be bending EMT (Electrical Metallic Tubing). This type of conduit is relatively easy to bend using a bender if you’re bending 1/2”, 3/4”, or 1”. ... To bend a 30 degree angle with a conduit bender, you bend the pipe up from the ground until the 30 degree line on the bender is parallel to the pipe and ....

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